Mythological
Significance
Varanasi holds a sacred position in Hindu mythology as one
of the holiest cities in India, revered as the abode of Lord Shiva. Often
termed the "city of liberation" or the "city of moksha,"
Varanasi is believed to offer salvation to those who depart in the city and
undergo cremation on the banks of the Ganges. Pilgrims flock to Varanasi to
immerse themselves in the sacred waters, perform rituals, and seek spiritual
enlightenment. The city is not just a spiritual hub but also boasts a rich
cultural and artistic heritage, including traditions of music, dance, and
literature.
Geographical and
Historical Context
Situated strategically on the left bank of the Ganges in
Uttar Pradesh, Varanasi's geographical location has shielded it from
overwhelming floods, unlike other cities along the river. The city's sandstone
stairways, known as ghats, support its built-up region, providing a distinctive
architectural backdrop. Varanasi's proximity to Sarnath, the site of Lord
Buddha's first discourse, adds another layer of historical and spiritual
significance to the region.
Cultural Insights
Varanasi's cultural richness is deeply intertwined with the
iconography of Shiva as the linga and the manifestation of his vitality as the
Ganga River. The people of Banaras believe that only the enlightened can
perceive and reveal the invisible existence of Lord Shiva and his companions
within the rhythm of the city. Tradition thrives in Varanasi, preserved through
pilgrimage journeys (yantras) and their well-defined itineraries, totaling 54,
of which five are particularly popular and reflect the archetype and spatial
embodiment of Kashi's cultural tapestry.
History of Kashi
Varanasi, established along the Varana and Assi rivers,
claims the title of the "oldest continuously inhabited city in the
world" and the "sacred city" of India. Serving as a living
embodiment of traditional Indian culture, Varanasi is renowned for its unique
expressions of architecture, culture, and religion. The city's sacred geography
is intricately explained through enduring myths, creating a timeless and
enduring quality within the cityscape.
The Power of Kashi
Kashi, or Varanasi, derives its extraordinary power from the
continuous presence of Lord Shiva. As per the Kāśīkhaṇḍa from Skandpuran,
Shiva's persistent abode in Kashi significantly contributes to the city's
spiritual potency. The city is termed Avimukta, highlighting its perpetual
connection with the divine.
Fruits of Pilgrimage
Embarking on a pilgrimage to Kashi is not just a physical
journey; it is a soul-stirring odyssey laden with profound merit. The
scriptures emphasize that the sanctity of Kashi surpasses the purifying
elements mentioned in the Vedas, making it more commendable than the study of
the four Vedas. Reciting a hundred thousand Gāyatrīs in Kashi is believed to
yield the same merit as studying the Vedas, showcasing the unparalleled
spiritual richness of the city.
The Efficacy of
Pilgrimage
The efficacy of a pilgrimage to Kashi is compared to
classical yogic practices, signifying non-worldly asceticism and yogic
endeavors. On a karmic level, Kashi has the authority to cleanse pilgrims of
accumulated negative karma while augmenting their positive karma or puṇya. This,
in turn, may result in worldly pleasures (bhukti) or release after death
(Mukti).
Redemption from Sins
Kashikhand boldly asserts that even the gravest sins, such
as the five Hindu cardinal crimes (mahāpātaka), can be absolved through the
pilgrimage to Kashi. The city is deemed capable of freeing individuals from
sins like killing a Brahman, theft, drinking liquor, adultery with the
teacher's wife, and associating with those guilty of such crimes. The sanctity
of Kashi is believed to purify and absolve sins, offering a transformative
experience.
Mukti - Release from
Transmigration
The distinctive aspect of Kashi's power lies in its
potential to confer release from the cycle of rebirth (mukti). Those who pass
away in Kashi, especially with a focused mind, are believed to avoid old age,
death, and the intolerable dwelling in a womb. Kashi is viewed as a sacred
place where the soul can escape worldly existence and attain mokṣa.
Pilgrimage in
Kashi/Varanasi
Varanasi encompasses several sacred territories, with five
pilgrimage routes, each representing the five gross elements of Hindu
cosmogony. These routes are practiced by pilgrims with diverse spiritual goals,
from duty-driven pilgrims to those seeking union with the divine.
Famous Shiva Temples
Omkareshvara, Vishveshvara, and Kedareshvara lingas in
temples on the three hills held by Shiva's trident are highly revered in Kashi.
Each of these lingas has its unique significance, attracting devotees from far
and wide.
Ghats in Kashi
Varanasi is renowned for its ghats, with over 80 along the
river Ganges. Dashashwamedh Ghat, Manikarnika Ghat, and Harishchandra Ghat are
among the most notable, each carrying historical and spiritual significance.
The ghats are integral to Varanasi's culture, attracting pilgrims, tourists,
and devotees alike.
Kashi Vishwanath Temple
Kashi Vishwanath Temple, dedicated to Lord Shiva, stands as
a symbol of spiritual significance, architectural brilliance, and a testament
to the interplay of history and religious devotion. Situated in the sacred city
of Varanasi, this temple has weathered the storms of time, witnessing
destruction and revival, yet maintaining its spiritual sanctity.
Historical
Significance
The origins of the Kashi Vishwanath Temple date back
centuries, and its mythological importance is intertwined with the cosmic dance
of Lord Shiva. The temple complex, spread across 5 acres, once boasted numerous
smaller shrines dedicated to various deities. The central shrine, housing the
revered lingam, was the focal point of this spiritual haven. Kashi Vishwanath
Temple stands not only as a testament to architectural brilliance but also as a
spiritual epicenter where myth, history, and faith converge. This timeless
pilgrimage site continues to attract devotees and tourists alike, and remains a
living testament to the enduring spirit of Kashi and its divine resonance.
The Rise and Fall of
the temple
Between the years 1194 and 1670, the temple faced
destruction multiple times. The Tristhalisetu of Narayanabhatta described the
grandeur of the temple, implying that it was possibly constructed in the late
16th century. However, the Mughal king Aurangzeb, in 1669, ordered its
demolition, replacing it with a mosque – the Gyamwapi mosque. The dispute over
whether the Gyanvapi Mosque stands on the original temple's site remains a
contentious issue, sparking legal battles and religious sentiments.
Architectural
Marvels
The ancient plan of the Vishveshvara temple, recreated by James Prinsep in 1831, reveals a meticulous design. The main temple, square in shape, incorporated a manduka mandala, with a central shrine surrounded by four ante-chambers representing wisdom, decoration, liberation, and glory. The temple's structure, based on sacred geometry, showcased nine spires on a navaratna plan, symbolizing cosmic realms and the eternal process of life, death, and rebirth.
Symbolism and Sacred
Geometry
The temple's design, with its three basic circles
representing life phases, mythic realms, and stages of time, merges into a
square pattern. The triplication of this geometric form mirrors the trinity
associated with Lord Shiva. The temple's sacred plan aligns with Indian classical
calculations, emphasizing the significance of integers and the 'doctrine of
remainder' in temple construction.
Controversies and
Legal Disputes
The dispute surrounding the Gyanvapi Mosque and its alleged
construction on the original Kashi Vishwanath Temple site has been a matter of
controversy for decades. Some Hindu groups advocate for the mosque's removal
and the restoration of the original temple. However, the matter remains
sub-judice, awaiting a conclusive verdict from the Indian courts.
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